His brother Henry I becomes king, and marries Matilda/Maud/Edith (yes, these are all names of the same person!), daughter of Mael Coluim III and Margaret. Domnall Bán is imprisoned and mutilated.ġ100: William II of England dies. Before the year is out, Donnchad is killed by Domnall, who becomes king again.ġ097: Edgar, son of Mael Coluim III and Margaret, takes the Scottish throne with the help of William II, king of England. His brother Domnall Bán (Donald III) takes the throne.ġ094: Donnchad (Duncan) II, son of Mael Coluim III, obtains English help in seizing throne from Domnall Bán. At Abernethy (just south of Perth) Mael Coluim (Malcolm) III does homage to William and gives up his eldest son, Donnchad (Duncan) as a hostage.ġ093: Mael Coluim III killed on raid into England. Margaret, a member of the English royal family, marries Mael Coluim (Malcolm) III at Dunfermline.ġ072: William the ‘Conqueror’, king of England, invades Scotland. It did, however, establish Robert Bruce’s mastery of Scotland, an achievement that was consolidated at the parliament of Cambuskenneth in November 1314.įor more information about the Wars of Independence, and the nature of Scotland’s broader relationship with England prior to the Wars, see Timeline 1070–1331Ĭa 1070: The English royal family, ousted by William the ‘Conqueror’, duke of Normandy, take refuge in Scotland. The Battle of Bannockburn did not bring the king of England, Edward II, to recognise Robert Bruce as king of an independent kingdom. This transformed the situation radically, setting off a civil war between the Comyns and their powerful allies and relations and Robert Bruce and his followers. The second phase of the war began with Robert Bruce’s killing of John Comyn on 5 February 1306. The last of those governing in King John’s name, John Comyn, came to terms with Edward I on 9 February 1304. From 1297 to 1303 a significant part of Scotland was ruled by leaders acting in the name of the absent King John Balliol. Just over a year later, however, Wallace had emerged as leader of a rising against Edward’s rule that cancelled most of Edward’s conquest. By the end of August 1296 Edward’s authority had been recognised by the great majority of Scots of regional and local significance, from Caithness to Berwick. After coming under intense pressure from Scottish leaders to resist Edward’s erosion of Scottish sovereignty, he disobeyed Edward’s demand for military service, an act of defiance that led to Edward’s invasion of Scotland in March 1296. John Balliol was inaugurated as king of Scotland on 30 November 1292, and immediately paid homage to Edward I. The extinction of the royal dynasty with death of Alexander III’s granddaughter, Margaret, in September 1290, led to Edward I’s determined assertion of his claim to be overlord of Scotland. It was not only those of Gaelic origin who identified themselves as Scots, but also those of Norman (Bruce, Hay), Breton (Stewart), French (Balliol), Flemish (Douglas, Murray) and north British (Galloway, Scott, Galbraith) and English backgrounds whose family names resound across Scottish History.įor more information on the period before 1286, see .uk. As a result of all these changes 'Scotland' and 'Scots' came for the first time to be thought of as referring to the country and its people that were ruled by the king of Scots. The kingdom's borders had become established roughly in a way that was to endure: by the end of his reign Alexander III's realm included Berwick and the Isle of Man (neither of which is in Scotland today), but did not yet stretch to Orkney and Shetland. By the time that Alexander III suffered his fatal accident on the night of 19 March 1286, however, burghs were to be found in all areas bar the West Highlands and Islands parishes had been established across the whole country there were counties and sheriffs throughout the land apart from the West Highlands and Islands a system of royal justice accessible to all freemen had taken root coins were minted in nearly every royal burgh charters had become the norm in establishing property-rights and royal government was routinely conducted in writing and records were kept centrally. Even our idea of Scotland as a country stretching north from the Tweed and the Solway, and the Scots as its people, would have been unimaginable. The very existence of burghs and parishes, counties and sheriffs, Scots law and Scots coinage, charters and government administration, were unknown before 1093. The foundations of modern Scotland were laid in the period 1093–1314.
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